Assessment of high fluoride in water sources and endemic fluorosis in the North-Eastern communities of Gombe State, Nigeria

Fluoride content of drinking water sources in 12 communities North-Eastern states, Nigeria, was investigation. The fluoride concentration analyses were performed using the SPADNS method according to standard for examining and wastewater. range 0.35–3.46 mg/L sources. Notably, with high above World Health Organization (WHO) guideline observed Tumu-2 (2.88 mg/L), Lapan (3.46 Jalingo (1.79 Kaleh (1.60 respectively. physical survey conducted indicates severe affliction fluorosis communities; (38% dental fluorosis, 27% skeletal 22% skeletal, 13% without fluorosis), thus, demanding be urgently redressed. Different de-fluoridation processes, technologies selection, limitations, strengths that could serve as treatment purposes diverse conditions proposed highlighted aid relevant authorities future implementation mitigation measures.